Theory of Relativity: Albert Einstein's theories of special and general relativity revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity.
Penicillin: Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the beginning of antibiotic medicine, saving countless lives by treating bacterial infections.
DNA Structure: James Watson and Francis Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 laid the foundation for modern genetics and molecular biology.
Theory of Evolution: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, presented in his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, fundamentally changed our understanding of biology and the diversity of life on Earth.
Quantum Mechanics: The development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century, by physicists like Max Planck, Niels Bohr, and Werner Heisenberg, revolutionized our understanding of physics at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Electricity and Magnetism: Discoveries by scientists such as Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century established the foundational principles of electromagnetism, leading to modern electrical technology.
Theory of Plate Tectonics: The theory of plate tectonics, developed in the mid-20th century, explained the movement of Earth's continents and geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Vaccination: Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in the late 18th century initiated the practice of vaccination, which has eradicated or greatly reduced many infectious diseases worldwide.
Higgs Boson Particle: The discovery of the Higgs boson particle in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider confirmed the existence of the Higgs field, contributing to our understanding of particle physics and the origins of mass in the universe.